Introduction
Every student pilot encounters the terms VFR, IFR, and airspace classes early in training—but what do they really mean? India’s skies are divided into multiple airspace classes—from Class A to G—each governed by specific rules and procedures for Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Understanding airspace classification in India is critical, not just for passing the DGCA CPL/PPL theory exams, but also for ensuring operational safety and compliance in real-world flying conditions.
In this guide, we’ll break down:
- The seven classes of airspace as used in India
- The difference between Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
- Why mastering this knowledge is a must for aspiring airline pilots, especially if you’re training under the IndiGo Cadet Pilot Program at Marigold Aviation
Airspace Classification in India
India follows ICAO-based classification from Class A to G, with a few regional exceptions tailored to the DGCA framework.
The 7 Airspace Classes
| Class | Flight Rules Allowed | ATC Clearance Required | Usage in India |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | IFR only | Yes | Above FL250, enroute traffic |
| B | IFR & VFR | Yes | Rare in India (used in some metros) |
| C | IFR & VFR | Yes | Terminal and control zones around major airports |
| D | IFR & VFR | Yes | Controlled but lower density zones |
| E | IFR & VFR | Only for IFR | Often used for enroute lower airspace |
| F | IFR & VFR | Advisory only | Very limited in India |
| G | IFR & VFR | No | Uncontrolled airspace below 10,000 ft, mostly in rural areas |
India currently utilizes Classes D, E, F, and G in most regions. Here is a bit more information on these classes:
Class D
- Found around smaller tower-controlled airports.
- Both IFR and VFR flights permitted; pilots must establish two-way radio contact.
- ATC provides separation for IFR flights and traffic advisories for VFR.
Class E
- A mix of controlled and uncontrolled airspace.
- IFR operations receive full ATC services; VFR flights operate with minimal ATC guidance.
Class F
- Advisory airspace where IFR receives advisory services; VFR flight info is provided on request.
- Exists in limited sectors within India.
Class G
- Completely uncontrolled airspace.
- VFR flight permitted without ATC interaction; IFR may operate but without separation
VFR vs IFR: What’s the Difference?
VFR (Visual Flight Rules)
- Used when weather conditions (visibility, cloud ceiling) allow pilots to fly with visual reference to the ground and horizon.
- VFR pilots must see and avoid other traffic, terrain, and obstacles.
- In India, VFR flights require prior ATC clearance in controlled airspace.
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)
- Used when weather is below VFR minimums or for flying in controlled airspace.
- Requires reliance on cockpit instruments.
- Mandatory for all operations in Class A airspace and above FL250 (Flight Level 250) in India.
🚀 If you plan to become a commercial airline pilot, IFR will be your primary mode of flight.
Practical Example: Mumbai Approach
Flying into a busy airport like Mumbai (VABB) requires:
- Operating in Class C terminal airspace
- Following IFR procedures, especially in congested or low-visibility conditions
- Close coordination with ATC for altitude, headings, and sequencing
This mirrors what cadets experience in simulator training at Marigold Aviation, where students practice real-world scenarios including ILS approaches and airspace navigation.
Weather & Equipment Minimums
Each class has equipment and weather requirements:
- In Class G or E, VFR pilots follow minimum visibility and cloud-clearance rules to stay safe.
- For Class D and above, all aircraft must meet ATC communication and, at higher traffic levels, transponder/ADS-B requirements .
- IFR flying under Classes D, E, or higher always requires an IFR clearance and active radio contact .
Tips for DGCA Exam Prep
- Memorize airspace classes and their attributes – especially the differences in ATC clearance requirements.
- Understand visibility & cloud clearance minima for VFR operations.
- Practice identifying where VFR is restricted and where IFR is mandatory.
📘 For a solid foundation, pair this topic with our previous blogs like:
Conclusion
Understanding Indian airspace classification isn’t just about passing your theory papers—it’s about becoming a confident and competent pilot. Whether you’re flying VFR over open terrain or executing a precise IFR approach in Class C airspace, your decisions depend on deep knowledge of how airspace works.
At Marigold Aviation, we ensure all cadets master these concepts through expert instruction and hands-on simulation, preparing them for both exams and real-world airline operations.
